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Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, Ciconia episcopus

The Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork (Ciconia episcopus) is a large wading bird in the stork family Ciconiidae. It breeds singly, or in small loose colonies. It is distributed in a wide variety of habitats including marshes in forests, agricultural areas, and freshwater wetlands.

Distribution and habitat
It is a widespread tropical species which breeds in Asia, from India to Indonesia, and in tropical Africa. It is a resident breeder in wetlands with trees. They use a variety of freshwater wetlands including seasonal and perennial reservoirs and marshes, crop lands, irrigation canals and rivers.

They are attracted to fires in grasslands and crop fields where they capture insects trying to escape the fire. They use ponds and marshes inside forests in both Africa and Asia, especially in south-east Asia where they use grassy and marshy areas in clearings in evergreen rainforests.

In India, they are an uncommon species in coastal habitats. They use coastal areas in Africa also, with birds in Sulawasi observed to be eating sea snakes, and birds on the Kenya coast foraging in coral reefs and mudflats.

In an agricultural landscape in north India, Woolly-necked Storks preferred fallow fields during the summer and monsoon seasons, and natural freshwater wetlands during the winter. Here, irrigation canals were preferentially used during winters when water levels were low, and birds avoided crop fields in all seasons.

Assisted by construction of new irrigation canals, this species is spreading to arid areas like the Thar Desert in Rajasthan, India.

Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, लोभीपापी गरूड, Ciconia episcopus

Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, लोभीपापी गरूड, Ciconia episcopus
Range map from www.oiseaux.net - Ornithological Portal Oiseaux.net
www.oiseaux.net is one of those MUST visit pages if you're in to bird watching. You can find just about everything there


Description
The Woolly-necked Stork is a medium-sized stork at 75–92 cm tall. The iris is deep crimson or wine-red. The stork is glistening black overall with a black "skull cap", a downy white neck which gives it its name. The lower belly and under-tail coverts are white, standing out from the rest of the dark coloured plumage. Feathers on the fore-neck are iridescent with a coppery-purple tinge.

These feathers are elongated and can be erected during displays. The tail is deeply forked and is white, usually covered by the black long under tail coverts. It has long red legs and a heavy, blackish bill, though some specimens have largely dark-red bills with only the basal one-third being black. Sexes are alike. Juvenile birds are duller versions of the adult with a feathered forehead that is sometimes streaked black-and-white.

The African birds are described as having the edges of the black cap diffused or with a jagged border compared to a sharp and clean border in the Asian birds. Sexes are identical, though males are thought to be larger. When the wings are opened either during displays or for flight, a narrow band of very bright unfeathered skin is visible along the underside of the forearm.

This band has been variously described as being "neon, orange-red", "like a red-gold jewel", and "almost glowing" when seen at close range.

Small nestlings are pale grey with buffy down on the neck, and a black crown. At fledging age, the immature bird is identical to the adult except for a feathered forehead, much lesser iridescence on feathers, and much longer and fluffier feathers on the neck.

English common names for this species include Whitenecked Stork, Whiteheaded Stork, Bishop Stork, and the Parson-bird. More recently, the African and Asian populations are considered to be two different species, the African and the Asian Woolly-neck. This is based purely on geographical isolation,[7] but there is no morphological or phylogenetic evidence yet to support this split.

Listen to the Woolly-necked Stork
NO SOUND AVAILABLE


Behavior
Several calls by adult birds have been described including bisyllabic whistles given along with displays at the nest, and a fierce hissing sound when a bird was attacked by a trained falcon.[2] The Woolly-necked Stork is a broad winged soaring bird, which relies on moving between thermals of hot air for sustained long distance flight.

Like all storks, it flies with its neck outstretched. It has also been observed to 'roll, tumble and dive at steep angles' in the air with the wind through its quills making a loud noise.[12] Adult birds have also been observed diving from nests before flying away abruptly in a 'bat-like flight'.

This species is largely solitary or seen in pairs or small family groups of 4-5, and flocks are rare. In agricultural landscapes, the species occurs mostly as very small flocks (< 5 birds), though flocks of over 10 birds occur commonly. Flocking is affected by different factors in different areas.

In more arid areas, most of the flocks occur in the summer when few wetlands are remaining, whereas in areas with more water, flocks occur largely in winter after chicks have fledged from nests.[8] They often associate with wintering stork species including the Black and White Storks.

Diet
The Woolly-necked Stork walks slowly and steadily on the ground seeking its prey, which like that of most of its relatives, consists of amphibians, reptiles and insects.

Taxonomy
The species was previously placed in a monotypic genus Dissoura because of relatively minor anatomical characteristics, but is now combined with 'typical storks' in the genus Ciconia. The species shows very close behavioural and morphological affinities with the Abdim's Stork and its deeply forked tail is similar to that of the Maguari Stork.

African birds, C. e. microscelis, have the head mainly black, but the nominate Asian race, C. e. episcopus, has the head mainly white except for a darker area around the eyes. Eastern Indonesian birds belong to a third population, C. e. neglecta.

The bird derives its scientific species name from the black and white vestments formerly worn by clerics.

Conservation
The Woolly-necked Stork is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Conservation status
Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, लोभीपापी गरूड, Ciconia episcopus
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4.
International Union for Conservation of Nature.



From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

www.birdforum.net


Sighted: (Date of first photo that I could use) 16th of May 2017
Location: Yala National Park, Sri Lanka


Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, Ciconia episcopus
Woolly-necked Stork - Ciconia episcopus - 16 May 2017 - Yala National Park, Sri Lanka

Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, Ciconia episcopus
Woolly-necked Stork - Ciconia episcopus - 19 May 2017 - Udawalawa National Park, Sri Lanka

Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, लोभीपापी गरूड, Ciconia episcopus
Woolly-necked Stork - Ciconia episcopus - 1 April 2018 - Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, लोभीपापी गरूड, Ciconia episcopus
Woolly-necked Stork - Ciconia episcopus - 1 April 2018 - Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, लोभीपापी गरूड, Ciconia episcopus
Woolly-necked Stork - Ciconia episcopus - 1 April 2018 - Chitwan National Park, Nepal

Woolly-necked Stork or Whitenecked Stork, लोभीपापी गरूड, Ciconia episcopus
Woolly-necked Stork - Ciconia episcopus - 1 April 2018 - Chitwan National Park, Nepal



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